When editing a java source file, eclim provides the command :Checkstyle which will invoke checkstyle on the current file.
Additionally, you can configure vim to execute checkstyle automatically when you save a java source file. Simply set the vim variable g:EclimJavaCheckstyleOnSave to 1 in your vimrc or java ftplugin.
let g:EclimJavaCheckstyleOnSave = 1
Please note that both methods of invoking checkstyle require that you first configure the location of your checkstyle config file using the eclim setting org.eclim.java.checkstyle.config, described in the configuration section below.
Vim Settings
Eclim Settings